Crystalis: Progressive Nucleation and Semantic Annealing for Coordinated Multi-View Visualization Generation

Large language models (LLMs) can generate individual charts, but coordinated multi-view visualizations (CMVs), where views share data flows and cross-view interactions, remain out of reach.

Tight field-level coupling among data transformations, visual encodings, and interaction coordinations causes errors in one component to silently invalidate others.

Rather than pursuing end-to-end analytical quality, which depends on model capability, domain knowledge, and user expertise, we target a foundational question: can LLMs reliably produce structurally correct CMVs, and what abstractions make this possible?

We present Crystalis, a framework built on query-centric CMV modeling that decomposes a CMV into structured queries over a dependency graph spanning three component types (Data, Visualization, Interaction) and three abstraction levels (requirement, specification, executable object).

Two complementary mechanisms operate over this structure: progressive nucleation crystallizes each query vertically from requirement to object along the dependency order, while semantic annealing enforces horizontal consistency across queries at each level through layered logical checks.

On a 12-task benchmark across five frontier LLMs, Crystalis achieves up to 75% end-to-end success, substantially outperforming an agentic coding baseline (8.3% E2E with the same foundation model), and a user study with 12 practitioners confirms the usability of the decomposition and iterative refinement workflow.